Saturday, June 18, 2011

Life...Ordinary (version Dva/Zwei/Two)

I should mention that on the plane ride home I watched a really enjoyable movie called “Der Ganz Große Traum.” The plot focuses on a teacher who brings soccer to Germany just after the Franco-Prussian war. The movie itself also ties in questions of national identity, class division, and education styles. Now if only I could find it in the U.S. so I could show my sisters…

Being back in the suburbs is…*sigh*…a bit lonely. My one sister graduated high school and the other graduated to her senior driver’s license, meaning that we now are rarely all home together (just like old times). Most of my friends are busy (or gone) due to work and internships and summer courses. I’m interning at the Chester County Historical Society in “collections management.” They’re in the middle of a move, so I spend a lot of time either moving beautiful old objects or documenting and cataloguing said objects. Among the most interesting have been old bank safes, a baby coffin, steps to the headquarters of a locally based pro-slavery Civil War era newspaper, toy swords, a “magic” washing machine, and decorated side saddles. The other interns and I sometimes play “guess what this is” with the old farm tools, and I’ve really been enjoying both the people and the work.

From there I go to my real job, at the same place I’ve worked since high school. The people and the work there are interesting too…I’m keeping very busy, really. But I’ve been feeling very disoriented and almost a little depressed. Guess that’s bound to happen. All semester, my energies are directed towards learning and absorbing as much as I can…so coming home and falling into a predictable routine (with lovely people and practical experience but also with high gas prices and no research focus) just makes me tired. I’ve been watching a lot of movies, reading a lot of books, taking a lot of walks. I spend a lot of time alone or with my dog. Today I thought that I might write a short story. I still might. In the meantime, I’m cherishing the few moments I can manage with real friends and trying my best to find meaning in everything else.

Sunday, June 12, 2011

Life More (or Less?) Ordinary

Started an internship, returned to work, started practicing piano and walking the dog and re-reading fairy tales…Recently I’ve been feeling like I’ve been doing a lot of nothing, but I guess that isn’t completely true.

For the summer I’m interning with the Chester County Historical Society. Of course, that sounds very much like work in archives or a museum doing research or cataloguing in some quiet lonely room. Much to my delight I learned that the society is in the process of moving and photo-documenting large segments of their collection. This means I spent my first day building shelves and moving objects around a hot barn with a number of other interns and volunteers. Between playing “guess what this was for” with some of the old farm tools and trying to decipher the etchings on some of the old metal signs that we were photographing, we had a pretty good time. I got to meet some interesting and friendly people and learn about a huge variety of objects. Hopefully this will be a good summer experience!

Then I went back to Waterloo Gardens, where I’ve worked any time I’ve been home since 10th grade. Which was actually a long time ago!!!! A bunch of the employees I’m used to graduated high school last week, and now I’m trying to learn the names of all the new additions. Not much has changed though, so I’ll be there evenings and weekends for the rest of the summer. As I have the past few years…some things never change.

Now most nights, I return home to a large empty house with only the lonely dog to greet me. After eating something and thinking about my friends all being terribly busy and far away (even the closest ones are rather far on nights when I don’t have the car), I run around outside with my dog for a bit. We’ve become quite close. We now eat dinners together, go for walks, jog and play and wrestle. He even watches movies with me! A few nights ago we watched Tuvalu and tonight we watched Como Agua Para Chocolate. Tonight’s movie, Like Water For Chocolate, in English, is a Spanish romance based off a novel (that I haven’t read yet, to be honest). It’s about many things, but if it were a Gallatin concentration it would be “the intersection of love-sickness and cooking.” It was frustrating and heart-breaking, but overall it was beautiful.

Last night, though, was a special night. I actually was a little social because the stars aligned so that I had time, a friend, a car, and a destination. Elizabeth from work mentioned during the day that she wanted to see Midnight in Paris, so once we closed up at Waterloo we got dinner at Wegmans and went off to the movies. We ate European chocolate while watching the absurd but cute movie in which Owen Wilson time travels to escape from…either his dissatisfaction with modern time as he lives it or he psycho fiancée, or both. On his adventures he meets the Fitzgeralds and Hemmingway and Picasso and T.S.Elliot (whose book is on the table next to me as I type this). Elizabeth and I are both nerdy enough to understand who all of the personalities from the 1920s were, so we laughed a lot throughout the movie. Deep or inspiring? Not really. Cute and amusing? Maybe only when seen with a friend, and when the two of you understand the historical references and handfuls of French that give the movie its color. Since that was exactly my situation, it worked out splendidly. Then I drove home in a HUGE thunderstorm…which I may or may not have danced in when I got home.

Today at work I got to run in the rain again, though there wasn’t nearly as much thunder or lightening. I played in the rain and blew bubbles (I worked, too, I promise!) and smiled to think that the moon is just less than full but still so brilliant.

All of these things are hardly adventures, but they’re still somehow lovely and I’m glad for them.

Tuesday, June 7, 2011

When We Return After This Break...




Break ended and I hit the ground running. As per usual. The last month in Berlin flew past, and it’s such a blur that I mix up the chronology of my memories! Who knew such things could happen…

My museum island class had its final trip. We went to the Pergamon museum, where I learned quite a bit about restitution battles and about how audio-guides can be used. The paper we read about the restitution battle over the Zeus Alter is available at http://www.princeton.edu/~artspol/workpap/WP13%20-%20Bilsel.pdf. It’s worth looking through, mainly for the historical background of the controversy. Another side note: I learned that the Pergamon is actually a combination of three museums, with different directors and curators. This explains the different styles in the different wings, something I had wondered about on previous visits. The plan to redirect traffic on Museum Island will also redirect traffic inside this particular building, and I would be curious to return in a few years to look at what changes.

May 1st is traditionally a big day in Berlin. On its eve, there are bonfires and maypoles at festivals around the city. I went to one in Mauerpark with some friends, including a Wiccan friend who explained a bit about the typical May Day (eve) rituals. Apparently, we were supposed to jump naked over a fire and then give each other sheep. Instead, we walked through the crowd of police at the park entrance and followed the sounds of drums to a small square where everyone was gathered. On the left was the bonfire, and people were gathered around it dancing, playing drums, blowing bubbles, and talking to each other. The area to the right looked almost like a small open amphitheater, with a raised “stage” and stone stands worked into the hillside around it. Someone had printed out Saint Anthony’s Canticle of the Sun and hung it from a tree on the bottom of the hill, while the silhouettes of waiting police officers lined the skyline at the top. As the night went on, many of the drummers relocated to the stands as fire-spinners and dancers (and some bubble-blowers) took the stage.

The next day, I headed to Kreuzberg. “Labor day” brings Leftist demonstrations in many cities, and it has for many years. In 1987, however, the demonstrations in Kreuzberg (by SO36…right next to the wall) turned into violent riots. The “us versus the police” riots have become something of an annual tradition over the years. They moved to other parts of the city for a bit, but are now back where they started. The neighborhood now sets up a street festival each year in hopes of minimizing the violence. Between festival-goers and gawking tourists (I’m admittedly guilty of being both)the streets end up totally packed during the day, and it does seem hard to imagine a demonstration organizing and moving through the crowd. It happens, though. I didn’t stay to see the “riots” because I—like other speculators—worried about a particularly violent year in reaction to the February evictions at one of (if not the) last Berlin squats. It turned out that the year was actually a relatively peaceful one, but I did have a friend narrowly escape being hit with a firework…so I’m glad not to have stayed.

In Prague, I had become accustomed to seeing Police everywhere. They were all over the streets, on public transit, at hockey games…everywhere. In Berlin, I really didn’t see that many of them. In fact, I saw so few that seeing them usually came as a surprise, and I would find myself looking around wondering what was going on that they were out. On May 1st though I saw more officers than I have ever seen in one place in my life. On the one hand, the massive police presence made me uneasy. In Germany, it is illegal for demonstrators/protestors/pedestrians-near-demonstrations-or-protests to wear “indirect weapons.” That means anything from a bullet-proof vest to padded gloves to a bicycle helmet, and the rationale is that these items lessen the effectiveness of police weapons. You can get arrested for wearing a bicycle helmet if you get too close to a protest. Really. On May Day, knowing this and seeing all the police in their full gear made me feel irrationally defensive. A week later, however, I would stumble across another demonstration—an anti-government demonstration—and watch officers (again in full gear) patiently standing along the road while protestors waved banners that read things like “Police cooperate with Neo-Nazis! Down with the Police!” in front of their faces. I can’t imagine being one of those directing traffic around the group, being the target of such accusations but respecting the demonstrators’ right to freedom of speech (it’s in the German constitution, too) and knowing that such demonstrations sometimes lead to brick and bottle throwing or lighting cars on fire. Not a job I would want, in any country really. To clarify, I would say that a demonstration calling attention to police brutality, racism, and the incidents in which the two are connected would be understandable and even desirable. These are problems in Berlin, as in most other major cities of the world. The problem was that, at least from what I heard and read, this wasn’t so much a focused or organized demonstration as a gathering of angry people who that day had decided to be angry at the police. It was an interesting situation to witness, for lack of a better adjective.

I spent the week writing exams. Then over the following weekend, NYU offered a day-trip to Leipzig. My German teacher, Denise, went to University there, and she suggested the trip so I went. We started off with a walking tour that included the church where Bach used to play the organ. We then went through the DDR museum together, and the whole time Uli (who grew up in the DDR) giggled with Denise about the “artifacts” she recognized from her childhood. From the museum, we went to Auerbach’s Keller for lunch (Faust reference, anybody?). After lunch we had a few hours of free time, and it was filled with odd happenings: We discovered that Denise’s university had been demolished…it just ceased to exist, disappeared. A clothing ironing service had set up an advertising event that featured people ironing clothes on a stage with loud music blaring. A groom-to-be was dressed up in a gorilla suit and selling bananas as his groom’s men led him around on a leash. Sam and I wandered around in a park, and on the way back to the bus we passed a mural about the peaceful protests of 1989 that took place in Leipzig.

My wonderful German teacher also took us on a tour of Charlottenburg castle. In the west of Berlin, the Prussian palace of Sophie Charlotte is the only one of its kind in the city. It was the original home of the famous Amber Room, and is currently known for the porcelain room and the elaborate garden design. Inside the palace we had an audio tour; however, Denise showed us around the garden. Apparently, she used to live a block away and used to go jogging there. Can you imagine?

My architecture class visited the Jewish Museum designed by American architect Daniel Liebeskind, because my professor had written a few papers on it. The building must be a curator’s worst nightmare; it was clearly designed without any thought given to the fact that it would, as a museum, be presenting exhibits. As an architectural statement and experience, however, the museum is incredible. I found the sunken Garden of Exile more powerful than the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, which was created later and uses the same combination of stone columns with uneven ground to disorient visitors. There are also “voids” built into the museum; visitors can enter two of them. In the first, the door clicks shut and those inside the void are in a tower of metal plating with a small chink at the top as the only light source. The second void does not have a door, but the floor is covered with thick metal disks that have abstract representations of screaming faces on them. When people walk across the floor, the disks clang together and the sound echoes in the space. Even when I stopped walking because the noise was so disturbing, others continued to walk (of course) so the noise continued…inescapable inside the void. Going through the museum was something of a meditation walk. Memorial museums sometimes assume this function, but in this case it was the building that guided the meditation rather than the exhibits. I can see why there are so many critics of the project, but personally I found it effective.

Outside class, I attended the grand re-opening of Konnopke’s Imbiss, which is famous as the oldest Currywurst stand in Berlin.

On the day of the royal wedding (Prince William and Kate Middleton’s), I went to a second-hand-store with a friend. She bought wedding-esque attire and I bought a dirndl, and then we went to my apartment to drink beer and eat döner together. We didn’t actually watch any of the ceremony, but we had fun just spending time together.

In the last few weeks, I wrote all my exams, played tour-guide for some guests and took one last field trip. The school organized a trip to Sachsenhausen, a concentration camp on the end of one of the S-bahn lines. The professor who led the trip also taught the Cities, Communities, and Urban Culture class that I learned so much from all semester. Other camps that are pilgrimage sites today have their old buildings still standing and exhibits to educate visitors. Most of the original buildings at Sachsenhausen were destroyed, and our guide—while excellent—was the only reason we were able to get the full history of each area we stopped in. Open and quiet, with a number of statues commemorating political prisoners and sites of slaughter, the camp felt more like a memorial site to a not-so-distant history than a haunted and haunting relic of genocide (as I’ve heard other camps described to be). It was still powerful: as we walked along a trench used by firing squads to collect bodies, a classmate explained that her great uncle had been brought to this camp as a prisoner in the 1930s. He survived, but walking in the fresh spring sunshine between a death pit and this classmate set my mind spinning. It seemed like everyone felt the same. Even my professor said that we were free to stay if we wanted but that the fatherly part of him wanted to take us all out of the camp and deliver us safely home. Which he did.

Before I knew it, I could count the “days left in Berlin” on my fingers. I went to Tempelhof park (the old airport) to grill with some friends. It started raining lightly and a young boy ran over to where we were tending the charcoal. In wonderful baby-German, he told us that it was time for us to go home. That we couldn’t stay outside in the rain and we should finish at our houses. My friend replied that we couldn’t because we lived in apartments, and the boy (maybe 6 or 7 years old) looked really sad at the thought. Then his parents called him, so he left us with a final “But it’s raining!” Too cute for words. The next two days were spent studying for my last final (German!), cleaning, packing, and souvenir shopping. Wednesday I had a picnic in one class, a dinner-focused field trip in another, and a NYU student curated art show at the Grimm Museum to attend. I may have also ended up at Golgatha, the wonderful beer garden that was inside Victoria Park…ie a ten minute walk from my home. Or that may have been a different night. Thursday I had my last German class, in which I had a debate—all in German!—with a politics major who…it’s easier to just give a character sketch and say that she is a proud vegan who also somehow eats eggs, dairy and gelatin AND thinks there is no reason why all European if not all world countries shouldn’t have a common currency. It was interesting. From there I met up with Sam and went to Mauerpark to people-watch. We got pretty sunburnt. Eventually we headed back to school for our last class with Professor Nader, and from there we went to a boat in Treptower on which the school had organized a party for all students, faculty and staff. We gathered on deck to listen to a song written by two of our students, sing a different song all together, and admire the double rainbow that unfolded above us. Then we went below deck to talk as we ate, drank, and laughed. The atmosphere was relaxed, and everyone just seemed to be really enjoying each other. With some people, I knew as I left that I would never see them again. I always find those kinds of partings—the ones in which both parties actually realize this is their last (most likely) time together—to be a little strange. Everyone tries to say “have a good life” in a way that sounds sincere. Acquaintances hug and try to make “it was nice knowing you” express “We didn’t talk much but I still think you’re an interesting and special person and I am really grateful to have had the chance to meet you but don’t want to say so because we aren’t close enough for it to not sound strange and here’s wishing you all the best of luck because I know you’ll be great.” That was also Michelle’s birthday, so from the boat we went to her room to eat cake and sing until the neighbors knocked (only time all year!) to complain of the noise. After that, I sat up late with Azzure and marveled at how much/little changes in four months.

Friday I actually finished packing and cleaning, and then I had a pantry-emptying party at my apartment. We just ate whatever was still left, with the exception of Nicky who ate his first pieces of baklava. He mentioned that he had never tried it, so we ran across the street to Pasam Baklava and splurged. Which goes against the goal of cleaning out the left-over food, but I couldn’t let him leave without trying Pasam! That night, we went to the Green Mango karaoke bar across the street. We noticed a lot of stern looking men with ear-pieces standing around the place, but we didn’t worry too much about it. The bar was across the street from our apartments, but it was in the back of a strange commercial building, so we weren’t expecting anyone particularly special to be in the heavily-guarded VIP room. And then the cast of the movie The Hangover walked by. Apparently they got stuck in Berlin (a volcano had started erupting a few days prior, and it led to cancelled flights all across northern Europe) and so had somehow found their way to our neighborhood. Go figure.

Finally, on the last day I met up with Michelle and we went to Teufelsberg. In the middle of Grunewald, Speer built a Nazi military academy. After the war, the Allies tried to destroy the building, but it was just too huge. They decided that they would instead pile all the rubble that bombs had strewn across the city inside and on top of the academy. In doing so, they built an artificial mountain. Realizing then that they had created a high point in the western sector of this super-flat city, they build a listening station at the top, with satellites to eavesdrop on GDR transmissions and broadcasts. Now the site is fenced off, graffitied, and “abandoned.” Which is probably why we found musicians, graffiti artists, and other curious people wandering the site with as much fascination as we were. Not to brag, but I took some pretty great pictures. Back home, I met up with friends for our last few hours. After an all-nighter, we left around 5 and went to the airport to catch our flight back to the States.

Monday, June 6, 2011

April 14 - 26 part II (The Adventuresome Part)

The traveling part of my break was a bit of a last-minute thing, but I ended up having a really great time. Having bought a rail-pass, I started out taking an overnight train to Cöln. I got in around 6. The lovely thing about traveling alone is that I can change plans at a moment’s notice, and this is just what happened. Though originally I hadn’t been planning to spend time in Cöln, I glimpsed the famous cathedral and a bridge covered in lovers’ locks on the way in so decided to stay and explore. I walked around in the cathedral, crossed the river, bought an Easter roll for breakfast, crossed the river back via the main bridge with all the locks, explored more of the town center, and around 11 caught a train to my next destination: Bingen. Kindof. I had been intending to go somewhere else—at this point I don’t even remember where—with the goal of taking a train down the Rhine to get there and then exploring some castles and vineyards. I got off in Bingen instead after listening to an old woman on the train explaining (in German!) to the children next to her that it had been her beloved home for years.

(Also overheard on the train: a small child exclaiming “Windmills!” He was too cute.)

Bingen turned out to be a great idea. I walked around and soon found myself climbing an old tower. I surveyed the beautiful area from the top and made a mental map that got me through the first part of my day. I saw the beautiful Basilica of Saint Martin and a mural of St. Hildegard von Bingen. I climbed a wooded mountain path and discovered a pilgrimage trail and a vineyard. Then I climbed back down to the riverbank and walked along the Rhine for a bit. First I walked along a road but then through a funny little park with mini gardens in it. There I found two four-leaf clovers. I had to laugh: having just recently ended a long term relationship, I found myself wondering how I could be expected to believe that finding a mutated weed or two could possibly bring me luck. Really? Superstitions are so strange. Oh well. My whole day of exploring and admiring ended with a nap in the grass which allowed me to wake up to the river, the sight of a castle on the opposite bank, and a wish that I had spent the break biking the Rhine. Next time.

That was early evening. My plan for the next day (Easter) was to begin it in Regensburg and end it in Nuremberg. The overnight train to Regensburg left from Mainz, so around 6 I decided to head to Mainz early and explore there until nightfall.

The area around the Mainz train station seemed a little bit shady at first, but it turns out that the old town center is a very quaint and cute place. There were some lovely older buildings and a big park along the river (yup, still on the river!), and I even had a chance to practice my German chatting with some friendly people. There was one kindof eerie sculpture outside a police station…but overall I found myself wishing I had more time to explore. Not days more, but an hour or two would have been nice. The sun ignored my wish and started to set, so I headed back to the station and caught my next train.

Which is how Easter morning found me wandering the medieval streets of Regensburg. I’m a bit of a freak sometimes: I love old urban architecture. Shapes and shadows fascinate me; my photographs reveal something of an obsession with color, light, pattern—man-made or natural—with geometry and with contrasts. This is probably the reason I can be content to wander (map-less and destination-less) through the streets of a place like Regensburg. I asked about the times of the Easter services at the main cathedral, and I learned that the 10 am service would feature the local boys’ choir. That meant I had time to explore a bit, and when the time came I followed a crowd of locals and visitors (and choir boys) to mass. Aside from the fact that everything about the building, decoration, music, and service was breathtakingly beautiful, the service was also special for me because I met an older woman who then sat with me for the service and conversed a bit with me when everything was over. She was the first person I had really conversed with since leaving Berlin a few days prior, and I was so grateful for both her friendliness and her patience with my broken Berliner German (Southern states have their own accents and dialects, so I probably sounded especially funny to her).

After the mass I admired the old winding and narrow streets, unlike any found in Berlin. I gazed at boats and made wishes off bridges and eventually walked through an old park back to the train station.

One hour north with the next train and I ended in Nuremburg. After checking in at a hostel just inside the old city walls, I set out in search of a baroque garden I had noticed mentioned on a map. It was pretty, and also pretty small, but the walk was really interesting. Of course, I had thought Nuremburg and I thought of the trials. I hadn’t had a clue that Nuremburg had been one of the oldest trade centers in Germany. The garden I was looking for was just outside the walls to the west, but on the way back to the hostel I walked through churches, towers, and the market square, admiring the mix of old architecture and contemporary shop windows.

I wanted to explore the area outside the center as well, so I headed south of the train tracks and walked until I thought I had totally flattened the arches of my feet. En route, I found a place where a “Tristan Straße” and “Isolde Straße” both intersected the same road but they did so just a half block away from each other. So close and yet so far. I’ve loved that story ever since translating it in my French class senior year of high school. I saw the opera in Berlin (did I write about that?). It was a strange experience because I went, newly and reluctantly single, totally alone to see a “modernized” version of a beloved love story. For 5 hours, I enjoyed the music while wondering why the opera company had decided that Isolde and the mob-boss Tristan should shoot-up their “love potion” while surrounded by other addicts and bizarre background “performance-pieces” of art. And I spent all three intermissions observing the few other people who had decided to go alone to the opera that night, and hoping they would show me what to do with my time.

Enough of a tangent? Sorry!

To be completely honest, I then went back to the hostel to nap for a few hours. I was meeting up with a friend, and when he arrived around 10 we went out to a bar to catch up on our adventures so far. The next morning, we discovered that rhubarb season had begun, and celebrated with a strawberry-rhubarb pastry (and another Easter-bread loaf). Since Adam hadn’t arrived until after dark, we walked around the old town for part of the morning so that he could see it. He didn’t have class the next day and would be able to explore more then (while I would be heading back to Berlin), so we only spent part of the morning exploring there. We then took the subway to the Zeppelinfeld, the old Nazi rally grounds, and walked around there for a bit. The stage area has been left open; the side stands now surround soccer fields, and I suspect that their lamps—which once gave the place the nickname “Cathedral of Light”—disappeared back when the stage’s huge swastika was demolished. Now the place is a park. We watched someone practice bicycle tricks, and we listened to a father explaining to his son the history of the platform they stood on (the one from which Hitler looked out over the crowd when his supporters packed the place full). I took pictures of flowers and baby ferns growing through cracks in the concrete. It was surreal and very sobering.

After a short walk past two other Nazi-era buildings, we arrived at the fair grounds. Adam had wanted to go to Nuremburg for their Spring Festival and invited me to meet him, so this was the whole reason for our trip. Talk about juxtaposition: all of my pictures of the Ferris wheel have Speer’s Congress Hall in the background. A little weird. We did have a good time though. Spring Festivals take place all over Germany, and generally they are just big carnivals with beer tents. At the larger ones, like this one, there are multiple beer tents in which people dress in traditional clothing (in the South at least) and play music. We had some excellent local sausages and spring beers…and I also tried a local specialty that involved mixing cherry wine with cola and beer.

Overall I had a great time. The next morning, I left around 5 to catch a train back to Berlin. I had a class to attend at 2, at the archeological society in Dahlem. When I got back home, all of the flowers seemed to have bloomed overnight. I’ve never seen so many lilac bushes in one place, and I had to smile. Finally, spring.

April 14 - 26 retrospective


About the rest of spring break…it continued to be wonderful. I mentioned the concert and first day, but I think I forgot to say that I went to an open mic night with Sam. The only real reason to mention this is that there was a cello/violin duo outdone only by the old man singing sailor shanties. Of course.

On day 2, I met up with Michelle early and we went to the “Gardens of the World,” which is pretty much exactly what it sounds like. I was delighted that so many of the flowers were finally blooming, and Michelle danced around the one trop. house commenting one each orchid and tree that she recognizes from Singapore. We admired the decorations that were up in preparation for their cherry blossom festival. After our tour of the gardens, we played in the park across the street until it was time to head back into town. We had to prepare for an internship event, which we helped run the next day. The event was a “Speed Portfolio-Viewing,” thought up and planned by the brilliant Despina Stokou. It was actually a really fun event to be a part of; everyone felt very open to meeting each other, and the energies were just really positive.

The next day I wandered around Sudgelände nature park—and old railway switchyard that’s been designated an art park AND a nature preserve. There’s a sculpture studio in the middle and an area for graffiti, but there is also a raised walkway through the reserve half for visitors to observe the wildlife from without disturbing so much as a blade of grass. Or a leaf of mistletoe…which is everywhere!

Then I met up with my friend Eliza to explore a few other nature-y places in the city, ending up in Victoria Park (which will probably always be one of my favorite places in Berlin).

Day 5 I went to Potsdam, the city just outside Berlin were the Prussian rulers preferred to live and where the Potsdam Conference/Agreement happened. (Happened? Were? Came to be? I’m not sure which verb is the best here…) I walked around the town center for a while, and then I meandered to Sans Souci park. To be honest, I did it on a whim, but am sooo glad I did. The park was lovely! It was a kind of playground for Frederick the Great, and it is a mix of natural areas and architectural features. I opted out of the castle tours, but I did climb the old wooden windmill. At the top was a man working the mill, and I listened to him explain auf Deutsch to some children which grains became which flours for which breads. It was lovely! I got a little tired as I was walking back from the park to the train station, but I’m glad to have done the day by foot. I always discover so much more that way.

That actually took up most of the day. The following day I ran a morning errand for my internship before joining a friend to sit in on a class at Humbolt taught by one of my NYU professors. I wish our semesters had matched up better so that I could have gone to that class all semester. It was offered in English through their American Studies department, and the focus was on globalization impacting education systems. Really cool!

After class I went to a park with the other NYU student who had attended. We walked around Gorlitzer park and went to a Turkish restaurant for an awesome dinner. This was one of the few times I ate at a restaurant all semester, and it was such a good restaurant! We separated after dinner, and I went on to have a quiet night and a quiet next-day. I spent most of the next day walking around at Wannsee, a large lake off the S1. It was a lovely relaxing day, and it gave me some time to reflect and pull my head together.

Wednesday, June 1, 2011

Architecture Final



My Berlin:

Attempting to Rediscover the Route I Commute

On the first bus ride from Tegel airport to the apartments at Kulmerstraße 47, I was immediately struck by the newness of Berlin. In Prague, the history of the city was visible in the Soviet panalaks that stood in the suburbs like giant dominoes and cast giant shadows across the nature park and the road into town. It was visible in the black sandstone, the shrines to martyrs, and the buildings whose renaissance facades were falling away to reveal gothic skeletons. I was jostled by tourists and bounced over cobblestones, and the narrow streets could either be intimate or suffocating depending on the weather. Berlin invoked none of these feelings. I arrived expecting them, and instead I felt the newness (comparatively) of the buildings and the enormous scale of the city.

Driving away from Tegel, we crossed highways and busy roadways that indicated, by my understanding, that we were outside the city center. I would later learn that this actually just meant we were between neighborhoods. Berlin the city-state currently includes neighborhoods that used to be their own small cities, and the regions between these areas have their city-limit feel still even though they cris-cross the city. In wandering these regions, one finds highways, railways, construction sites, and massive stores such as IKEA or Bauhaus. In a city where the center became the outskirts, refocused in the center and is now moving east, it seems appropriate that these areas of stitching between the old cities patched together are present all throughout the city.

As we drove farther into the city, I noticed residential areas in which apartments were clustered around courtyards or playgrounds. Still farther in the city, the apartment buildings would have their own courtyards, but here the buildings surrounded patches of green or of cement that were visible from the street and accessible via open pathways, albeit small ones. The buildings had their balconies and doors and occasional decorative trim facing the courtyards; that their backs were to the road was evidenced by the small windows, plain walls, fences, piping, and trees between me and them. I would think of these buildings often as a reference when looking at the re-settled tenement buildings I encountered near school.

Kulmerstraße 47 occupies a triangular plot of land and is one construct segmented into three buildings. Two of the buildings are attached, estranging the third which shares its ground floor with a Korean restaurant and opens onto a gated driveway. The buildings form a crescent around a small parking lot and an island of trees and plants. The wrapping shape gives the building an inside that faces away from both of the main roads that define the triangle. My room is situated on an inside corner, which means that I get sun all morning but shade all evening. It also means that neighbors across the courtyard can see into my windows unless I draw the shades, which was the realization that first prompted me to think about privacy or lack of in this building.

Previously, I’d always lived in shared apartments with no private space due to my 3 or 4 room-mates. Here, I assumed that having a single would afford me more privacy. To some extent this has been true; I don’t have to share my kitchen or my entrance hall with anyone. That said, I know that friends and acquaintances walking across the courtyard look up to my windows to check if I am home and what I am up to. As it has gotten warmer, I’ve opened the windows to let in the sun and to cool the fan-less apartment. Doing so, I have realized that the curve of our building traps scent and magnifies sound. I can smell the sausage or curry cooking on someone else’s stovetop. I can hear music from my neighbors’ radios, as well as their televisions and their telephone conversations in all different languages. This means, of course, they can hear mine as well, so I try to live quietly as possible.

The final side of the triangle surrounding our building is a street that doesn’t allow cars more than half-way down it. Its other end opens up to a public toilet, that always stinks to walk past, and a series of confusingly crossing bike-lanes on a large patch of sidewalk. To walk to three of the Bahnhofs that are closes, one has to cross these bike-lanes, and the experience can be a stressful one because they were laid down with no thought of leaving a place for a footpath.

The high buildings on this road effectively close off the open side of our building. They are mostly residential buildings, but the few that are closest to our building are industrial commercial buildings, which make that area dark at night and unwelcoming to walk past the rest of the time due to the high truck traffic. Inside it are an Indian food distributer, a Korean karaoke bar, a gym, and a Turkish bath. I think this is pretty indicative of the community living around us.

In the area immediately surrounding us, there is one street that I frequent on Saturday mornings. After exiting our building and passing the public toilet and bike lane labyrinth, one crosses Goebenstraße. The street is wide, which is nice because it allows for breathing room. At the same time, the traffic lights are timed such that crossing always means being stranded at the center island for one cycle of the lights. From the island are visible a tattoo parlor, a smokers’ pub, a hookah restaurant, and an excellent baklava shop. Down the road to the left are two S-Bahn stations, a famous döner stand, and a bus stop. The bridges of the S-Bahns block anything farther down the road from sight. In the other direction are smokers’ pubs, a second-hand shop, a discount clothing store, and a few Turkish groceries. Though the street continues, from the island in Goebenstraße one can only see four blocks before an apartment building bridges the road and blocks the horizon from view. As a final note, looking down one notices that there have recently been tulips blooming on the island, which adds color and makes it more enjoyable to be stuck there.

When the light finally changes, I walk down the left-hand sidewalk. This is because the right side of the street is constantly under construction and so there is scaffolding up. I don’t usually mind walking under scaffolding, but here it seems that there is always a bicyclist trying to go the other direction when I attempt it. Walking on the other side of the street, I pass a playground first and then a squat. There are always people on the sidewalk here, sitting and talking to each other about all kinds of things. The reason I come this way on Saturdays is because those are the days when there is a market at the end of the street. There is no thru-traffic; the road opens onto the wide end of a trapezoidal square. On market days, there are people everywhere. This is not like the Winterfeld market; here there are men yelling in thick accents and there are old women selling vegetables or buying headscarves. No cute handmade soaps or bath salts to be found, here are only olives and grape leaves between the vegetable and cloth stands.

With all of its scents and colors and sounds, the market can almost provoke some kind of sensory overload. Two sides of the square are lined with tall buildings, and the other side feels walled-off by the elevated S-Bahn tracks. In reality, there is a tunnel under the tracks in which the bike lanes and the footpaths become interchangeable. Frequently on market days, the tunnel smells like bread or fruit, and a few people are standing off to the side selling used things of all sorts. On the other side is a road that eventually leads into Victoria Park. Immediately on the other side of the tunnel, however, one finds an equally interesting area.

To the left is a playground that could never exist in the US. Rising out of the shadows of the S-Bahn tracks, a giant structure of bright blue nylon roping and plastic pipes invites children to climb on, under, and through it. This is the only thing in the entire playground, but the groups of children seem to pick different areas of it for themselves. On a quiet day, the place at the top is the most private place to sit. There, everyone can see you, but no one can hear a word you’re saying. From the top, one can also watch see into the yard of the building next door and into the yard of the grave-maker across the street. Behind the playground is a shaded area with “exercise machines” painted in different colors and not actually using any weights. Children run around this area and climb on these machines, but they usually prefer to chase a soccerball than do pull-ups.

Across the street are a church, a grave-maker’s shop, and a cemetery. I personally enjoy walking through the cemetery because it is a living space. An archway over the gated entrance completes the wall that sets the cemetery off from the rest of the city. Just inside, there is a small café and flower shop to the left. A rack of watering cans, a water pump, and a compost bin stand to the right. Part of the reason I enjoy cemeteries is because I enjoy wondering about the personal histories of those buried there. Also, though, the different designs of headstones and different materials used interest me because they color how a person is remembered. The fact that many graves have candles and fresh flowers at them enchants me, because this is not common in most parts of the U.S. The mix of old and new graves, trees and mausoleums is also something that I do not see so much at home, and this variety gives a texture to the cemetery that helps keep it feeling alive. I frequently see many other visitors walking through when I visit. Peaceful as it is, I always laugh to notice that I am still able to hear the merchants from the market yelling, despite the fact that they are outside the high walls and across the S-Bahn tracks.

Commuting to school, we take the U2 from Bülowstraße station. Walking to the station, I cross an intersection where the timing of the cross-walk lights always leaves me stranded on the middle island at some point. I then walk along the patch of land owned by the American church. Most of the land is covered in trees and grass, and the church doesn’t care for it so there is also constantly litter. People hang out in this area and on the church steps, frequently with their beers and their dogs. Sometimes there are old people lined up on the church steps. I feel uncomfortable that it is the “American” church, even though I am not familiar with its mission… or perhaps because of this. The building is missing the turret to one of its towers, and behind the structure hides a small courtyard park with a lake that belongs to some modern-looking apartments. The road to the church’s east leads to this park and ends. The road to the west is the one I walk along. It intersects Potsdamer Straße and becomes an open and busy area as it approaches Nollendorf Platz. Usually, though, I turn to get on the U-Bahn before that happens.

The train towards Pankow passes the American church and the park behind it. It then takes a bridge over a bunch of other rail-lines, the outskirts area where Schöneberg—its own small city until the 1920s—ends. It also passes the “beach park” and construction work near Mendelssohn-Batholdy Park. In the beginning of the semester, the constant cranes and dirt-piles visible from this stretch of tracks made me wonder what they were building. I realize now that Berlin is constantly building and re-building all over. I don’t know what they aim to do in this place and for now it looks to be a wasteland. I watch people exploring and wonder if the situation is the same as at Tempelhof and Grimmstraße, where the people intent on “planning” the park don’t realize that the people of the city have claimed the places already as their parks and don’t need it changed or officially segregated from the city through naming.

I usually read on the rest of the commute, pausing to notice the tile illustrations of old trams at Klosterstraße and the crowds at Alexanderplatz. Last semester, the commute to school was silent by social decree, and I stood the whole time because one always left the seats for the many old people commuting into town. This semester, I have noticed that people stare openly (unlike in New York) and speak if they are with people (unlike in Prague). The beggars and paper-sellers and musicians also caught me by surprise after last semester. I’ve seen that in the US but I wasn’t expecting it in Berlin. As a final note, I happen to love dogs but I always wonder when I see them on public transit. I think about people with severe allergies who share these enclosed spaces with the animals for the whole time of their commute, and I wonder whether they mind.

The train goes above ground at Senefelderplatz. If the day is nice and I am early for class, I can get off here and walk past the walls of the Jewish cemetery and under the construction scaffolding that is always there. Usually, however, I walk from Eberswalder Straße. This means crossing a precarious 8-way intersection and nodding greetings to other NYU students. I pass signs of the history of Prenzlauerberg and signs of its current gentrification. The first week walking this route, I noticed different things every day. Initially, I noticed chic steak house, the bright green absinth bar, the hot pink bicycle shop, a trendy hair salon and men’s brief store. Later I would notice Konnopke, the Alexanderplatz needle on the horizon, the two stumble stones, and the plaque to the “anti-fascist” who lived on this street. In my mental awareness as I walk this way now are also the watertower that was apparently used as a Nazi interrogation center, the squat across from Prater, the widened streets and the Mauerpark flea market.

Arriving at the Kulturbrauerei, I pass REWE and the two beggars who sit outside the door day after day. I always wonder what the appearance of the NYU students as neighbors has done to the nature of the business. Do they speak more English? Make more small sales? Collect more bottles? Sell more cigarettes? I don’t actually know. I pass the grocery store and turn into the complex to go to the school building. Recently walking this way with a friend who is on crutches made me realize just how many steps there are between the street and the academic center, and they start here. The outdoor dance floor at FRANZ lights up when the sun goes down and looks eerie when there is rain, but I have never seen people on it. The night guards have said that the place can get very rowdy in the evenings because of all the bars. Usually I pass through while the bars and clubs are still empty. I also usually go in this same entrance to the complex, though there are two others. Walking this route, though, I see people grocery shopping, delivery trucks passing through, tourists exploring on bicycles, a group of indignant artists standing by the door of the dance studio, and a group of NYU kids smoking on the steps outside our building. These groups are always present, even though the faces change, and they make the interior of the complex feel like a very public place. There is always traffic to dodge, and sometimes there are stares to dodge as well. Getting inside the door to the school always feels like a bit of a relief because it means entering a space where the traffic patterns are predictable and the stares come from people I can communicate with. Though soon enough I want to leave again, for a brief moment each day this bubble of English-speakers is a welcome sanctuary.

Our building really is difficult to find and not particularly welcoming for outsiders. Between a travel agency and a kitchen shop, the NYU door hardly looks like it belongs to a university. One opens the doors and immediately sees the underside of a set of stairs that almost seems to suggest turning around and leaving again. After a flight of stairs, the door into the center itself looks to be high security, but it is usually unlocked and facing an empty security guard desk. For us, this is no problem. However, when the school has sponsored events to which they invite non-NYU guests, they always seem to have a hard time finding their way in. Part of this could be that we’re tucked away, but I suspect that some of these factors scare away even those who are heading in the right direction. Should they get into the academic center, they then would have to figure out that we actually all congregate and have events on the second floor.

Part of the reason we congregate there is that the gaps between classes are too short for us to go home and return with the length of our commute. Another part of the reason is that the limited amount of internet we get at our apartments is slow and not good for watching videos or skyping. This becomes tricky because there really are no private spaces in the academic center in which one can skype uninterrupted. The empty reading room has class walls, the big room is filled with people, the classrooms are all used, and the one little corner that has no use is across from the computer closet so it isn’t very quiet. With the time difference, Skyping home is really most convenient for them went it is late at night for us. That’s generally speaking, because we’re from all over different time zones, but most people I talk to say they Skype when it is night here. Considering that the center closes around 11 p.m. and is a half-hour commute from home, staying to Skype is really not convenient or sometimes possible.

Maybe this doesn’t seem like a relevant architectural description, but it is a factor of the place that defines how we students use it. The school announced recently that they intend to install wireless in our apartments, and I found myself with mixed reactions. On one hand, it will be nice to be able to Skype from my apartment…though I’ll keep the windows closed so as not to disturb my neighbors. On the other hand, I like that people congregate at the academic center because we all disappear into our own boxes when we are at the apartments. The fact that people stayed at the center meant that there were always friends around or excuses to talk to people who weren’t necessarily friends yet. I feel like the dynamic of the place will change once there is internet at the apartments as well, although there will always be a group of us who don’t have time to go home between classes and hang out for that reason instead.

The white of the center and the plain walls are somewhat cold, but I feel comfortable there in all rooms except the small corner classroom on the first floor. I have two of my largest and longest classes in there, and it is just too small for the number of people and chairs it is expected to accommodate. It got stuffy and dark in the winter, and we are still never sure of where to set the projector because it is always blocking someone and projecting behind someone else. That room is also a little oddly placed. The plan for the building seems to be composed of loops: the art room loop and the office loop (plus that one classroom) on the first floor, and the two open loops of the ‘reading room’ and the student space on the second floor. The classrooms on the second floor could be part of a third narrow loop that also includes the kitchen and bathroom, but it is hard to say because I only ever have class in the rooms off the left wing of the hall.

Overall I’ve noticed that Berlin is neighborhood-focused, somewhat empty, and constantly under construction. I have explored extensively beyond the commuter route described in this paper, but this route was one of the first I travelled and will probably be one of the last as well. It is how I was introduced to the city, and so it is the route that colored my awareness. Some students have complained about living so far away from the academic center, but I like the neighborhood we live in. I would not want to live in Prenzlauerburg or Mitte because I already spend time there for school. When Berlin is composed of distinct and diverse neighborhoods, and my ability to ‘belong’ somewhere in the city is linked with either my place of work or my place of study, I want those to be two different places so I can belong in two different neighborhoods. I want to feel the difference between Mauerpark and Victoria Park, and I am glad to have been given the opportunity to do so.

Cities, Communities, Urban Life Final



A Growing Solution: The Purposes of Berlin’s Parks

In the beginning, planned green spaces appeared in the form of vegetable gardens and pastures—albeit open ones—for domesticated animals. I couldn’t tell you when this happened, but my history teachers through the years seem to agree that this was what allowed people to settle into semi-permanent communities and begin accumulating object wealth…two things they continue to do today. To proceed with a brief history of the role of planned green spaces in settled areas, gardens went on to develop in different forms depending on their purpose. They became calm places for meditation, open places for entertaining, curated places for communicating social status, or private places for conversations.

The first kind of park was likely a memorial park, in the form of a cemetery. Public parks in the 19th century were developed by governments and aristocrats looking to develop the culture of the middle and lower class. In the United States, tycoons and millionaires like DuPont and Rockefeller developed parks to boost their public reputation and contribute to their (hoped-for) immortality. Later, their families would find that expansive properties strained their budgets, and those places would become parks as well, though usually carefully landscaped ones visitors must pay to visit. Visitors may or may not also pay to enter Nature parks or “preserves.” These were not planned or cultivated spaces like other parks; they really were (and are) preserved places. They are, however, set aside as planned green spaces to be protected and visited. These untended spaces are something of an anomaly, but they are quite popular in Berlin and are a topic I will return to later.

More recently, ‘city parks’ and ‘urban gardens’ have become quite popular. Recognition of the value of incorporating trees, foliage, and open space into city planning is one reason that these spaces appeared in early cities. Increasingly, however, the idea of the community garden as a place to develop relationships and agriculture education within a community has become very trendy. In New York, some “urban farmers” bring the vegetables they grown in their community gardens to the farmers’ markets to sell. Others partner up with schools to teach children about sustainable small-space farming. Frequently these gardens spring up on neglected lots, usually thanks to the initiative of a couple people or neighborhood organization. They recycle and revitalize what would otherwise be considered “dead space” so that it becomes useful for the community. And this is one of the philosophies I have found most exploring the green spaces in Berlin.

For numerous historical reasons, Berlin is a city with a lot of space. It has the gardens and hunting grounds associated with old capital cities, the tracts of land cleared by governments for projects that weren’t realized, the areas cleared by war destruction, and the areas that used to be occupied by the dividing wall. Also important is Berlin’s status as a city-state. This allowed it to expand, particularly in the 1920s, to include the small cities and towns surrounding it. The result has been that there is a lot of room for people to spread out across, and that the places between these sites develop later as annexed spaces. Finally, as with many other cities, the development of roadways and rail lines has cut through otherwise usable spaces and turned them into “dead spaces” that are really too small to be used as anything other than parks.

Examples of each of the afore mentioned types of planned green spaces exist in Berlin, and they all receive high visitor traffic. Our group’s analysis of how these spaces illustrate the city’s relationship with nature focused on a few specific sites, and here I will do the same.

The most striking example, in my opinion, of a memorial park in Berlin is the Soviet Memorial at Treptower Park that we visited as a class. Of course, there are many other such memorial parks around the city, and one may even be able to argue to include the south-east Tiergarten on that list. The problem these kinds of places raise in Berlin is that of the whole city as a memorial. Most if not all of the city could be memorialized, if one was rigorous about doing so, and this puts Berliners in a difficult situation. By memorializing everything, they would drain the life from their city, making it a testament to past ages without room to grow. At the same time, they must memorialize some things, and some things have memorialized themselves. As an example of the former, to not mark any of the places where the wall was would be considered an attempt to avoid that piece of history. As a result, places like Mauer Park have to be developed for PR reasons. As an example of the latter, things that memorialize themselves, this is where buildings designed by the Prussian, Nazi, or Soviet leaders to stand as testaments of their greatness outlast the regimes. They are too historically significant, and frequently too expensive, to destroy; however, what can be done with Schinkel’s monument to the victories of Frederick William III, with the site currently known as the “Topography of Terror,” or with Speer’s gigantic Tempelhof airport? Since making active decisions about these sites would require the city government to indirectly make a statement about which pieces of the city’s history they feel are most important, they have a tendency to take the passive route: declare these places to be parks.

I say that this is a passive route for the government to take because most of the places they set aside in this manner become preserves rather than curated parks. Sure, Berlin still has acculturation-focused parks, such as the Gardens of the World, Britzer Park, or the Botanical Gardens. These are the places people go to experience aesthetically pleasing landscape architecture, similar to the parks left by US tycoons, and they are carefully designed and maintained. Otherwise, most of the city’s gardens and parks are minimally landscaped. Trees that sprouted from post-war rubble still stand by Libeskind’s Jewish Museum annex and the Topography of Terror site. The hilltop of Görlitzer Park and shores of Wannsee are only maintained in that the walking paths are kept free of vegetation.

As this has happened in the historic sites that are left to the jurisdiction of the city government, so has it happened to the spaces between the old town centers. Berlin has several large Volksparks that belonged to towns that were annexed. Now they are neighborhood parks, with petting zoos and soccer fields but also with large areas that have been left to grow naturally. Much of the Sans Souci Park in Potsdam is naturally forested, and Grunewald has also been mostly left to Mother Nature. Even the area around the Spandau citadel, complete with industrial contamination of the stream and the major road running towards the center o f Berlin nearby, is a designated “nature preserve” and left mostly as wooded land.

Interestingly, the parks and gardens that are cared for and cultivated are usually those left, intentionally or unintentionally, at the hands of the people. Cemeteries, for instance, frequently have open-top family grave plots in which people plant small trees, perennials, or sometimes even annuals. Kleine Gärten communities can usually be found in the places between housing complexes and transportation routes. These are areas that would otherwise become neglected and that the city does not want to spend resources on. Instead, families and individuals take responsibility for them, building outdoor kitchens and tending herb gardens and planting rows of tulips. Since these are privately cared for, the garden plots themselves are not open to the public. That said, the ally-ways between the plots are open for the public to wander through, and so it happens that people revitalize a space abandoned by urban planning and by the city government.

All this leads up to the two places that I found to be the most interesting: Prinzessinnengärten off Moritzplatz and Südgelände Park off Priesterweg. Both were previously marginal areas, and they are two very different case studies in ways the city government recognized the efforts of the city people towards reclaiming and revitalizing wasted space.

Prinzessinnengärten, the Moritzplatz site in Kreuzberg, used to be just another intersection, and one marginalized by the presence of the Berlin wall at that. Their website explains that it was a “wasteland for over half a century.” Then in 2009, Robert Shaw and Marco Clausen decided that the place had potential. Robert wanted to recreate the kind of urban garden he had seen in Cuba. He noticed that people gathered in the gardens there, not just to grow food but also to visit with and learn from each other. The gardens were community centers, where people met and intercultural exchange happened. He wanted to see such a garden in Kreuzberg, so the two men put together the non-profit Nomadisch Grün and began to lease the site. They didn’t know much about gardening when they started, but they knew they wanted three things: to build a community, to create a place of learning, and to keep the garden sustainable. That means planting tomatoes in burlap sacks and creating rain-collection units out of modified milk cartons.

When I visited, the whole site was busy. Even though their open season has not yet officially begun, there were volunteers in the garden, flyers for a seminar on cooking potatoes, and a very diverse crowd gathered around the bar/café listening to two local musicians. Later in the evening another group gathered to put on a short play that was half in Spanish. I would say that Robert and Marco are achieving their goals and have transformed their space with the help of the community.

At the very different Südgelände site, remnants of its days as Tempelhof marshalling yard. As a result of the division of the city, the site closed in 1952 and was left alone until 1980, when it was proposed to re-build and re-open the marshalling yard. A group of neighbors banded together in protest, and in 1995 the land was transferred from Deutsches Bahn to the city of Berlin. In 1996 it was designated a Nature Park, and in 2000 it was opened to visitors. The motto of the park seems to be “Die Kunst ist der nachste Nachbar der Wildnis," and the affirmations of this philosophy can be found throughout the park…though only in certain areas. On the southern side of the park, one finds relics that have been aged by nature and re-purposed by artists. This is really how I was expecting most of the site to be. Instead, the middle of the park boasts a sculpture garden, a large building that is currently an artists’ workshop, the old water tower, a carefully preserved steam engine, and directions to the southern trails. These northern trails have a completely different feel from the southern ones. They fan out through the nature preserve area, and so visitors stay on raised paths that are reminiscent of rail lines. Sculptures and information boards appear periodically along the path, but the sculptures looked to be all from the same studio (“Odious” they’re called) and inspired by, if not commissioned for, their particular locations.

The evolution of both these places suggests a new idea about the purpose of a park. My research introduced me to the word Landescerschonerung, referring to the German idea that the economic and cultural use of land contributes to its beauty. The idea is old, but I would say that changing ideas about what is worthwhile economically and culturally are partially responsible for the variety of designated green spaces in Berlin’s landscape, particularly the variety of parks and gardens. Economically, both clearing off land and developing it are expensive endeavors…especially in the current ‘crisis’ and in the ever-rebuilding city of Berlin. Culturally, there is always contention about how to treat places of historical importance. Another cultural condition is that currently studies announcing an increase in urbanization have been greeted with efforts to create stronger communities in cities and educate these communities about how to live sustainably. The hope is to avoid regressing to the industrial-age city even though the urban populations are again growing in size. These factors together are what result in spaces such as Prinzessinnengärten and Südgelände.

To illustrate, the Prinzessinnengärten is run by a non-profit; however, this past season their rent was raised to a point where they almost could not afford to keep leasing their space. The Berlin government supported them by stepping in and giving them funds so that they could stay. What has happened is that, as the city fretted over what to do with some of the more historically burdened sites, the people of the city moved to revitalize these sites themselves. Recognizing that supporting these efforts would be good PR, a way to repurpose otherwise wasted space, and a comparatively cheap way to outsource the work of the actual transformation, the government has handed these projects over to the interested communities. The communities then establish multi-purpose spaces that meet their needs, and for the most part everyone wins. Sometimes it feels as if this is a cop-out for the city: the easiest thing is to declare an overgrown area to be a nature preserve and post a few signs around it to say so.

I do wonder if there will ever be a day when the demand for land reaches a point where the development of the city parks becomes a topic of discussion. Considering, however, the amount of pride that Berliners take in their identity as a green city and the success of all of the parks I visited—meaning the use they receive from the local communities—I would say that such discussions would not lead to any serious changes in land-use patterns in Berlin. The system they have, though barely a system by some definitions, works for them. I wonder if it would work in other cities, but not many cities have enough open spaces to even consider things like an airport park. Here is yet another characteristic that makes Berlin a special and somewhat strange city. And an increasingly green one.

Resources:

Lamb, Zachary. “Sudgelande Nature Park. 2008. Backlands_Post-Industrial Urban Wildlands in Berlin. 7 May 2011. <http://architecture.mit.edu/class/nature/student_projects/2007/zlamb/urban-nature/sudgelande/sudgehistory.html>

“Natur-Park Suedgelaende, Berlin.” 2008. Gardenvisit.com. 7 May 2011. <http://www.gardenvisit.com/garden/sudgelande_nature_park>

Nomadisch Grün (Nomadic Green) – Prinzessinnengärten.” 2011. Kitchen Gardeners. 7 May 2011. <http://kitchengardeners.org/partners/nomadisch-grun-nomadic-green-prinzessinnengarten>

Prinzessinnengärten Urbane Landwirtschaft. 2011. Prinzessinnengärten. 7 May 2011. <http://prinzessinnengarten.net/about/>

Knowledge Cities Final



Reflections on the Possibility of Restructuring U.S. Education Using a Knowledge City Model

A high school teacher once remarked to me that successful revolutions are difficult to come by. Even when people can see that there are problems with a system, she explained, the law of inertia tends to govern social movements. People tend to resist change, especially today when they have to constantly fight to maintain any kind of stasis. So how does one start the ball rolling then? The same teacher explained that calls for system change are most likely to gain followers if there is a defined plan and if substitute practices are suggested to replace practices that are being abandoned. She suggested, for example, replacing a prompt to ‘read more’ with ‘read three new books each month.’ In another example, she suggested ‘read more closely’ with ‘keep an outline while reading and compose a response at the end of each chapter.’

I have been thinking of this teacher frequently over the past few months, and watching the Ken Robinson video after our midterm inspired me to use her as my jumping-off point for this final paper. Like many excellent books, articles, and videos I have recently encountered pointing out the flaws of the current U.S. education system, the video made many good points. My problem was that, again like all the others, it pointed out specific problems but then offered an abstract solution instead of a series of concrete ones. My intention is to use this paper to synthesize the different ideas about knowledge production that this class has explored into a theoretical action plan for actually initiating change.

At the start of the video, it is proposed that there are two reasons that countries are reforming their education systems: economic and cultural. I would perhaps be even more extreme and say that these are the reasons countries have education systems at all. Why is education necessary and why do societies value schooling? The questions given in the video provide some possible answers. Public education is supposed to prepare children to become the kinds of employees the economy needs, and simultaneously it is supposed to socialize them so that they develop a sense of cultural identity. According to the myth that previous generations were raised with, working hard in school and getting good grades would lead to a college degree, which in turn would lead to a “good” job. Students have suspected for a while now that this is an outdated myth, but only recently have those in power begun to notice that their system needs an update, at the very least. Their initial reaction involved implementing more standardized testing in an attempt to ‘raise standards.’ That hasn’t done much good, but I’ll return to the topic of testing shortly.

To begin my response, I have to point out that focusing solely on training children to become employees sounds, if we are honest, completely insane and absurd. Shouldn’t children be children for a while and then grow into engaged adults, free to pursue their interests, passions and talents? One could say that an overly economic idea of the purpose of education is in and of itself problematic, but I am hardly the person to think up an alternative structuring of a whole society. For now, then, I will work with the assumption that students are being trained to take their places in the current economy. What does this mean? Dealing with the current economy means dealing with constant instability. Technology evolves at a rate which creates new jobs and makes others obsolete at a rapid pace, and how does one prepare for a job that does not yet exist? Also noteworthy are the two conflicting trends that are prominent right now: globalization increasing the need to collect credentials that make one look competitive, and degree inflation making this more difficult by making the most accepted credential form worth less and less.

As far as building a sense of cultural identity in United States students, I again have to ask what this means. Since U.S. citizens do not share an ethnic background, our common culture is wholly dependent on learned behaviors and myths. One of the strongest learned behaviors that we share is that of language, but our institutions cling so tightly to English at times that they can be impractical about ignoring the usefulness of knowing another language. This can then make it difficult for students to find opportunities to learn alternative languages even if they want to.

The national mythology taught especially in history classes is also problematic. Generally, the mythology focuses heavily on U.S. history, and only glorious history at that. Sometimes, individuals like Howard Zinn have started movements to include stories about minority achievement and national failures in this narrative. In many cases, however, the fact that the national textbook industry caters to the editing requests of the biggest, wealthiest, and frequently most conservative states leads to the perpetuation of a narrative that does exactly the opposite. This inter-state conflict is just one of many, especially when it comes to public education, and I would propose that such conflicts indicate a need to change the version of cultural identity being taught to one that acknowledges state identity, city identity and ethnic identity as components of the individual. This would allow these different facets to be acknowledged, but it would hopefully also check the dominance of any one identity in determining the education of the individual. The tone of the history stories needs to be changed to one that celebrates the strength that comes from our diversity. Once this is managed at home, then the next urgent matter of business is to start teaching students languages earlier so that they can interact well with the rest of the world and become part of a global community.

While we’re re-writing the old myths of past times, we should also address the myth about the worth of a college degree. Degree inflation is no secret, and by now many of the academic articles on the subject of higher education even admit that jobs are requiring more credentials of employees today even if the skills needed for the job have not changed at all. This is, of course, a result of the supply-and-demand law of economics in the free market: there are currently many workers and not so many jobs so employers can afford to be picky. The problem is that it is becoming more and more necessary—in the U.S. context—for students to spend more of their lives and money on schooling than ever before. This paper focuses on primary and secondary education, so this is all I’ll say directly on this subject, but it is something worth noting and something worth researching further at another time.

The Robinson video goes on to discuss how the system of public education devised in the industrial era, and with us to this day, created an idea that people are either smart academics or not-smart non-academics. This narrow definition of achievement has led to equally narrow definitions of intelligence and of success. Theoretically, once could counter that the idea of multiple intelligences and learning styles has been around since Howard Gardner. And this would be true: the idea has been around. What still hasn’t happened, however, is the translation of this idea into concrete terms. The idea that people learn differently has changed the way some classrooms are run and some exams are given, but this is mostly at the digression of individual schools and teachers. Overall, standardized testing still assumes that ‘achievement’ can be measured best from all students in just this one manner, and society assumes that individuals who do not test well are not as capable or intelligent. If schools are to maintain their autonomy from the federal government, then some kind of assessment is necessary to enable students to transfer credits and to help universities screen applicants with different educational backgrounds. This is only practical. However, this assessment does not need to be in the form of a 4 hour standardized fill-in-the-bubbles test, for which one pays an independent company around $80.

I could actually continue to discuss the problems with standardized testing for a long time; however, the problems that have come up with the increase in mandatory standardized testing are also worth mentioning briefly. Firstly, the problems ESL students have with the testing because they are not given enough extra support during state testing have ESL teachers railing against certain forms of testing and leave the test results in certain states very demographically segregated. Second, there is the problem that teachers feel pressured to cut material out of their lessons so that they can review the information and skills that will be ‘on the test.’ The issue touched on in the video, however, is yet another. Robinson focuses on the increase in the number of kids prescribed ADD/ADHD medication as both frequency of testing and pressure from parents increase. While I can’t comment specifically on this trend, it only seems right to question why so many teachers and parents are taking their kids to doctors on account of trouble in school. Of course, this isn’t the only reason one might make an appointment that results in the prescription of Ritalin; however, I distrust the caretakers who think bad grades are an illness as much as I distrust doctors who put pharmaceutical fashion before the health of a child. Clearly the years of education they underwent failed somewhere along the line to teach them about priorities.

So what should our priorities be? Well, the current educational system was designed to serve the interests of industrialism, and so it maintains the priorities of that bygone era. It aims for standardization. Interestingly, as mentioned above, when it was first observed that this system was no longer effective, the first reaction was to implement more standardized testing and more standardized curricula. Then people were surprised that this didn’t work. Robinson concludes that current schools train students to a grand narrative, in which there is only one answer to each question. Schools also, to use a phrase I came across in a classroom recently, function as ‘sorting machines,’ and focus on isolating students as a result. Ideally, proper reform of the public education system would require scrapping the entire system and rebuilding from scratch, beginning with the very paradigms upon which the system is designed. This is hugely ambitious, of course, and so in the meantime smaller changes will have to suffice. Where to start? It would be good, for example, if schools encouraged cohorts and teams instead of insisting students separating students into batches and tracks. Another huge improvement would be to design programs which encourage divergent thinking. Starting with these modifications would be to start with re-directing the priorities stressed through schooling. The focus would shift from solitary standardization to interactive innovation, the kind of development that the current economic market actually needs.

Would school need to remain school? I would actually prefer to see school buildings replaced with learning complexes devoted to knowledge sharing. The idea of the knowledge city is not one in which I put faith as a solution to urban sustainability problems, but I do feel that it could be one component of a city’s identity. More importantly in the context of this paper, I feel that the concept of a knowledge city could be adjusted and used in redesigning the school system. Ergazakis et. al. defines a knowledge city as a city that “aims at knowledge-based development, by encouraging the continuous creation, sharing, evaluation, renewal and update of knowledge. This can be achieved through the continuous interaction between its citizens themselves and at the same time between them and other cities’ citizens” (2). By definition, a knowledge city is mindfully coordinated to increase the happening of knowledge moments. Knowledge moments, in turn, are interactions between people which lead to the discovery, transfer, nurturing, or recording of knowledge. It seems apparent to me that a smaller scale institution would also be able to provide this sort of environment, and a school certainly could if the value of such a project was recognized.

In establishing a new learning center model, one might find it helpful to reference the characteristics of a knowledge city outlined in Carrillo’s “Century of Knowledge Cities.” To run through them briefly: political and social will must back the project before any kind of change can begin, a strategic vision and specific development plan should be put forth by educational theorists and researchers, financial support would come from taxes and state funds, and investments could potentially come from corporations. As far as an agency to promote regional development, this would translate into state agencies responsible for promoting inter-city exchange and community outreach programs run through the center. Including foreign languages, world history, and ESL support would be steps toward internationalizing that are long overdue in the education system, and re-working the national mythology, as already mentioned, to celebrate national diversity as a strength would help as well. The need for a metropolitan website translates easily into a need for a center website, and easy access to online communication networks is also a must. Value creation would work very similarly as in a true knowledge city, through here the influences of the needs of the market would presumably be more apparent as the center would issue qualification documents. Of course research facilities, access to a public library network, and access to public transit are also all vital to the success of such a project. Ideally, they would be open to the public as places where knowledge producing programs and projects can incubate even if they are not directly linked to a group of students. The final point on Carrillo’s list is the presence of urban innovation engines. It would be ideal if the learning center itself became an innovation engine, creating a stimulating and supportive atmosphere in which divergent thinkers come together and innovate.

Structurally, a learning center model would be something of a hybrid between different knowledge places known for facilitating knowledge moments. Considering that there are certain merits to socializing children together as they hit the milestones of early development, younger students would be grouped in cohorts that span three years, an idea borrowed from the Montessori model of schooling. For these younger geniuses who are still in their exploratory stage of development, the Montessori model through which the students move through their lessons at their own paces would also be preferred. This would allow students with different talents and learning styles to differentiate their educational experiences from the beginning. Beyond what would currently be considered middle-school, and actually up through and beyond university, modules would be available to students. The modules would be interdisciplinary groupings of classes, likely clustered under broader subject areas. This connects to my theory on one possible answer to degree inflation.

Since the death of the concept of the career, it has become widely understood that individuals seeking to maintain employment in the current economy need to constantly be updating their skills and skill sets. Previously, it was possible to know how much education was required for which jobs. Then, one went through the prescribed amount of schooling, worked hard for strong marks, and upon completion of the schooling received a piece of paper called a degree. This degree was an open letter of endorsement from the institution that provided it, and through it the institution bore witness to the fact that the individual had acquired certain understanding and skills through the program. I would like to see developed a system of experience accreditation that matches the call to lifelong education that is increasingly the norm. By this idea, independent research and experiences can officially be added to an individual’s pile of credentials without the debt caused by college tuition. Along with this, I would suggest that formal courses—because of course they are still interesting and necessary—each conclude with a project by which the student can demonstrate their mastery of the material. With the assistance of an online program such as NYU’s eVita or even the U.S. Common App., the notices of accreditation and these projects would be compiled into a virtual file. Through this documentation of knowledge moments both inside and outside the formal academic setting, hopefully many kinds of learning would come to be valued and individuals would also be able to compete on the job market with their individualized and ever-growing skill sets.

Resources:

Carrillo, Francisco Javier. Knowledge Cities: Approaches, Experiences and Perspectives. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006.

Ergazakis, Kostas, Kostas Metaxiotis, John Psarras. “An Emerging Pattern of Successful Knowledge Cities’ Main Features.” 2006. National Technical University of Athens, Greece. Reader.

Robinson, Sir Ken. “Changing Education Paradigms.” 14 Oct 2010. RSA Animate. 7 May 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDZFcDGpL4U